Some leading neoconservative commentators, like Michael Ledeen in the National Review, speak openly of the need to cause “creative destruction” in the middle east by toppling the Syrian and Iranian regimes and risking the overthrow from within of key US allies like Saudi Arabia. But this ultra-radical approach is not the policy of the administration as it stands, which is much more confused and contradictory. The bankruptcy of US strategy extends far beyond the middle east. Partly because the Bush administration neglected Afghanistan in order to attack Iraq, the Taliban is growing in strength. Incredibly, Osama bin Laden and the other planners of 9/11 are still at large on the Afghan-Pakistan frontier, and killing or capturing them no longer seems even a second-order interest of the Bush administration. North Korea’s nuclear missile plans have been hindered only by their own technological backwardness, and not in the least by US pressure. The plan to bring Ukraine and other former Soviet countries into Nato has collapsed, while still leaving Moscow infuriated. And more than 2,500 US soldiers are dead in a war in Iraq, which was launched on false pretences and conducted with great incompetence. Among the US public, there is growing unease. But oddly for a mature democracy, there is no formal foreign policy opposition. Both Democrats and moderate Republicans oppose the most extreme plans of Dick Cheney and the neoconservatives, but on the great majority of issues—the environment being a partial exception—the Democratic establishment stands squarely behind the official line of the Bush administration. There are, it is true, two separate political oppositions to the present course of the Bush administration, but both oppose their party leaderships. The opposition among the Democrats consists of the old left liberals, descendants of those who opposed the Vietnam war. They are the forces that in August ousted the liberal hawk Joe Lieberman from his position as Democratic senator for Connecticut, forcing him to run as a pro-Bush independent. The opposition within the Republican party consists of the old-style moderate conservative realists, whose leading elder statesman is former national security adviser Brent Scowcroft, and whose most promising younger figure is Sen12 PROSPECT September 2006

ator Chuck Hagel of Nebraska. The lack of real opposition from mainstream Democrats has been disguised by the noisy demands from within the party for early withdrawal from Iraq and the counterattacks on this line both from within the Republican party and from leading Democrats. This however is something of a mock battle. In the first place, the Democrats concerned have absolutely no idea of what strategy to follow in the middle east after a US withdrawal. Second, on this issue the Democrats will be pushing on an open door over the two years to the next presidential election. The consensus among political analysts is that the Bush administration will have withdrawn US troops well before November 2008, if not from Iraq altogether, then from the streets. As to the wider issues of US world

McCain and Clinton agreeing again

strategy, the almost identical approach of the two party establishments is easy to demonstrate. One only has to read the speeches and statements of the two figures who at present seem most likely to be the contenders for the presidency in November 2008, Senators John McCain and Hillary Clinton. Both Clinton and McCain advocate early Nato membership for Ukraine, and have expressed strong hostility to the Putin administration in Russia. On Iraq, they differ mostly over the degree to which they criticise Bush’s execution of policy. But both oppose early or unconditional withdrawal. On the latest middle east crisis their words might as well have been drafted by the same speechwriter. Clinton states: “I want us here in New York to imagine, if extremist terrorists were launching rocket attacks across the Mexican or Canadian border, would we stand by or would we defend America against these attacks from extremists?… [We will

support Israel’s] efforts to send a message to Hamas, Hizbullah, to the Syrians, to the Iranians… They do not believe in human rights, they do not believe in democracy. They are the new totalitarians of the 21st century.” In McCain’s words: “What would we do if somebody came across our borders and killed our soldiers and captured our soldiers? Do you think we would be exercising total restraint?… Israel has neighbours on its borders that are bent on its extinction.” Both Clinton and McCain call for negotiations with Iran, but only on condition of Iranian surrender to US wishes, and with the military option as a threat. On spreading democracy in the middle east, McCain says: “The promotion of democracy and freedom is… inseparable from the long-term security of the United States.” In Clinton’s words: “Human freedom and the quest for individuals to achieve their God-given potential must be at the heart of American approaches across the region.” The simplest and most commonly cited explanation for this Democratic behaviour is domestic electoral calculation, based on the following very curious statistics from a New York Times/CBS poll in July. According to this survey, 54 per cent of Americans disapprove of Bush’s handling of foreign policy, while only 35 per cent approve. Sixty-two per cent disapprove of how the administration is handling Iraq. Yet 51 per cent continue to approve of how the administration is conducting the war on terror in general, while only 42 per cent do not. And this reflects repeated polls showing that while disapproving of the actual Republican record over security, most respondents continue to have more faith in the Republicans when it comes to security. On the crisis in the middle east, while small majorities hold both Israel and Hizbullah responsible for the conflict and say that it would be better for the US not to take sides, 47 per cent approved and only 27 per cent disapproved of how George Bush was responding to the conflict. It would be understandable if the Democrats were reacting cautiously to such poll figures by talking tough on foreign policy while developing an alternative strategy. However, after almost seven years of interacting with intellectuals from the Democratic establishment (above all during my

© LARRY DOWNING/REUTERS/CORBIS

OPINIONS/ CUKIER

previous job at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace) I am afraid that the bulk of the Democrat and Republican establishments speak the same way on foreign policy because they think the same way. And of course the elites do not just react to popular views, they also shape them. First, both wings of the bipartisan establishment are American nationalists. They both believe passionately in the founding myths of American civic nationalism: America as the world’s greatest country, the world’s greatest democracy, the irreplaceable representative of freedom and democracy in the world, and therefore by moral right the world’s hegemon. Second, the bipartisan establishment is made up of American imperialists. The ideological underpinning of the imperial programme stems from the aforementioned nationalist beliefs. Support for it is strengthened, however, by the class interests of the American policymaking establishment, with its immense professional and individual stakes in America’s global power. This power is not in itself bad. It has played a hugely positive role for humanity at certain points in the past, and could do so again. At present, however, the US establishment is pursuing a very dangerous course in the middle east and beyond. This is above all because the US is present everywhere, and thus impinges on the interests of every other major state in the world. And thanks to a combination of arrogance and confusion, it seems incapable of establishing priorities and taking domestically unpopular decisions. The third reason why the Republicans and Democrats sound so alike is that both identify so closely with Israel, whether out of genuine belief or fear of the influence of the Israel lobby. This was demonstrated by the overwhelming votes in the Senate and House pledging unqualified support for Israel’s offensive in Lebanon (410 votes to eight in the case of the House). Unfortunately, the power of the lobby, and of the affinity to Israel, has come to have a critical effect on US policy towards Syria, Iran and, indeed, the Muslim world in general. Since the present general line on foreign and security policy is adhered to by the bipartisan establishment, it follows that any revolt against it would have to enjoy huge support from ordi-

nary Americans, and in particular the most important political constituency, the white middle classes of the “heartland.” It would therefore have to appeal to the core traditions of this constituency. In this context, that means a mixture of intense nationalism with deep distrust of foreign entanglements—a mixture unfairly dubbed “isolationism” by the imperial elites. The left faces immense obstacles in appealing to the heartland. Its cosmopolitan traditions and above all its hostility to religion make it culturally alien to the world of the suburbs and small towns. It is also wedded to its own version of liberal interventionism in Darfur and elsewhere. A more hopeful prospect in the long run lies in a coalition between the moderate realists and populists in the heartland in revolt against the costs of empire. As soon as it becomes clear to the white middle classes that a continuation of present levels of military spending and foreign policy activism will require sharp reductions in middle-class entitlements—social security, Medicare, mortgage relief and so on— mass pressure for a withdrawal from present levels of engagement will become overwhelming. In the long run I have faith in America’s ability to return to the path of rational and enlightened self-interest. My fear is that for this to happen, the US and the world will have to plunge into even greater disasters; and that before America returns to sanity, America’s obedient and much more vulnerable British vassals will have been attacked a dozen times, and with s increasing degrees of savagery.

THREAT TO THE NET
BY KENNETH NEIL CUKIER

“Network neutrality” is good, but enshrining it in law is not
O UNDERSTAND WHY the internet is so important, and how it represents a revolution in communications, consider the telephone system. It was a closed network and a centralised one. The phone company— usually a state-run monopoly, like the old BT—metered every call through its switching centre, and billed them based on duration and distance. Any new feature, from touch-tone dialling to call forwarding, had to be accepted and put in place by the company. There was little incentive to innovate—especially if it might disrupt the status quo. The internet overthrew this model of communications. It does not have a central organisation overseeing things. As a quilt of interconnected, privately owned networks (ergo “inter-net”), the system was designed simply to carry data without regard to its content, be it a web page, phone call or song. It is open, in that it permits anyone to unleash new services to the world without asking for permission. Because of this, people pay for access based on the amount of bandwidth they use, rather than the specific things they do. If the internet worked on the telecoms model, every email would be individually charged according to its destination and the length of the message. This decentralisation and openness is a stimulus to innovation. Because the network doesn’t need to adhere to the interests of any one organisation, there is nothing to prevent new services cropping up. These things emerge from anywhere, be it the web (invented by a Brit in Geneva) or instant messaging (popularised by an Israeli firm), to Napster (created by a teenager in California). It can even challenge the existing

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PROSPECT ONLINE
q Michael

Horovitz on the John Betjeman anniversary
q Michael

MccGwire responds to last month’s Trident debate
q Ehsan

Masood, Tahir Abbas and Shiraz Maher offer their perspectives on the terror alert
q Ray

Pahl takes issue with David Goodhart’s “progressive nationalism”

www.prospect-magazine.co.uk

Kenneth Neil Cukier is the technology correspondent at the Economist

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